In recent years, the use of nanoparticles has gained significant attention in cancer research due to their unique properties and potential as targeted drug delivery systems. This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of Primula vulgaris stabilized silver nanoparticles (PVAgNPs) and the evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells. In this study, PVAgNPs were synthesized separately from the flower (PVAgNPsF), leaf (PVAgNPsL), and root (PVAgNPsR) extracts of Primula vulgaris (PV). The PVAgNPs were characterized by various analytical techniques, including UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The maximum absorption wavelengths are obtained at 437 nm for the PVAgNPsR samples and at 440 nm for the PVAgNPsF and PVAgNPsL samples. Based on the XRD spectra, PVAgNPs were found to have a cubic crystal structure. On average, the zeta potential values of PVAgNPs ranged from -14 to -28 mV, indicating that they were quite stable. SEM analysis showed that the synthesized PVAgNPs were predominantly spherical in shape and ranged in size from 40 to 89 nm. The iCELLigence Real-Time Cell Analysis (RTCA) system was used to evaluate the efficacy of the synthesized PVAgNPs against MCF-7 cell lines. After 24 h of incubation, the inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of PVAgNPsL PVAgNPsR, and PVAgNPsF Were determined to be 30.37, 36.74, and 57.64 µg/mL, respectively, indicating that PVAgNPs have an in vitro cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells. In conclusion, PVAgNPs were successfully synthesized using a green synthesis approach. In addition, a thorough characterization of these nanoparticles was carried out, confirming their structural properties, and demonstrating their efficacy against MCF-7 cell lines. These results highlight the potential of PVAgNPs as promising candidates for the development of novel anticancer drugs. However, further studies are required to evaluate their feasibility and efficacy for future therapeutic applications.

In order to seed germination induction and response of seedling growth of Primula vulgaris to different treatments of mechanical scarification and chemical pre-treatment, an experiment was carried out in completely randomized design with treatments of control, seed scarification (for 3 minute), warm water 70 and 90˚ C, priming with potasium nitrate at the rate of 2 and 4%, gibberellic acid at the concentration of 250 and 500 mg/L with three replicates in 2013. The results showed that treatments of seed scarification, warm water 70 and 90˚ C and gibberellic acid of 250 and 500 mg/L increased the seedling emergence percentage compared to the control. The maximum of the daily emergence percentage recorded from gibberellic acid of 250 mg/L. Seed treatment with potasium nitrate of 2 and 4% decreased the mean emergence time by 61. 2 and 51. 7% compared with the control, respectively. The highest emergence rate coefficient equal to 0. 094 and 0. 092 was achieved from seed treatment with potasium nitrate of 2 and 4%. The maximum seedling length (5. 53 cm), seedling dry weight (0. 029 g), seedling vigor weight index (1. 15) was obtained at gibberellic acid of 250 mg/L treatment. Treatments of seed scarification, warm water 70 and 90˚ C, gibberellic acid at the concentration of 250 and 500 mg/L increased seedling vigor weight index compared to the control, significantly. In general, seed pre-treatment of Primula vulgaris with gibberellic acid of 250 mg/L was improved germination and seedling growth indices.

Arial parts of Primula genus (Primulaceae) are well known to treat various ailments in Iranian Traditional Medicine. Our preliminary studies demonstrated that the medium polar to polar extracts of Primula auriculata had a significant cytotoxic activity and Induction of apoptosis effects on some cancerous cell lines. The current study focused on phytochemical investigation and characterization the compounds from P. auriculata active extracts. Dried and powdered aerial part of plant was macerated with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, and methanol successively, for 24 hours, three times. Dichloromethane and methanolic extracts were separately examined by different chromatographic techniques such as VLC, CC, and TLC to Fractionation and isolation compounds present in the plant extracts. The structures of purified compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data, particularly H-NMR and C-NMR experiments. 2-phenylchromone and 3, 4, 5-trihydroxy benzoic acid was identified for the first time from P. auriculata. In this research we have isolated compounds from pharmacological active extracts which is most likely responsible for cytotoxic action of P. auriculata. Further studies are required to determine activity and mechanism of action of isolated compounds.

Primula auriculata (Tootia) is one of the most important local medicinal plants in Hamedan district, Iran. To investigate cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction of crude methanolic extract and different fraction of it, we compared several methods on HT-29 human colon Adenocarcinoma cells. Cancer cell proliferation was measured by 3-(4, 5‑ dimethylthiazolyl)‑ 2, 5‑ diphenyl‑ tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and apoptosis induction was analyzed by fluorescence microscopy (acridin orange/ethidium bromide, annexin V/propidium iodide staining, TUNEL assay and Caspase-3 activity assay). Crude methanolic extract (CM) inhibited the growth of malignant cells in a dose-dependent manner. Among solvent fractions, the dichloromethane fraction (CF) was found to be the most toxic compared to other fractions. With double staining methods, high percentage of 40 μ g/mL of (CM) and (CF) treated cells exhibited typical characteristics of apoptotic cells. Apoptosis induction was also revealed by apoptotic fragmentation of nuclear DNA and activation of caspas-3 in treated cells. These findings indicate that crude methanolic extract and dichloromethan fraction of P. auriculata induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in colon cancer cells and could be used as a source for new lead structures in drug design to combat colon cancer.